International Journal of new Chemistry
Volume:9 Issue: 3, Summer 2022

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed during the two years 2018-19 with the participation of 100 patients who were candidates for septoplasty surgery in the hospitals of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Some patients were given tizanidine tablets two hours before surgery and others were not given any medication; Pain intensity was compared between the two groups using t-test using visual acuity scale during the first 24 hours. Comparison of pain intensity during the first six hours after the study showed that pain intensity in patients taking tizanidine was significantly lower than in the group who did not use the drug; Comparison of pain intensity from 6 hours to 24 hours after surgery showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups participating in the study. The use of acetaminophen tablets to control pain after surgery also showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups participating in the study. Pain after septoplasty surgery is known as moderate pain; Its control and management is very important for patients and the health team. In this study, it was found that the use of tizanidine tablets can be useful in controlling pain in the early hours after surgery; But long-term rejection has no beneficial effect.

Depth monitoring of anesthesia is one of the lesser-known components of patient monitoring. In the field of limited field surgery and depth anesthesia control to evaluate the transparency of the field, no study has been done so far. Accordingly, in this study, the relationship between anesthesia depth and field transparency in limited field surgeries (nose, ears and sinuses) was considered. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted in 2018 with the participation of 91 patients who were candidates for ENT surgery at Imam Reza Hospital in Tabriz. Depth of anesthesia in these patients with BSI criteria by DK-5000 Odense C device made by Danmeter-Goalwick Co. Denmark and the results were reported. In limited field surgeries such as sinus endoscopy, rhinoplasty, tympanoplasty and mastoectomy, in order to create a transparent field by monitoring the depth of anesthesia using the BSI criterion, the maximum frequency in the first and second hours of surgery to achieve this goal is 40 to 50%. BSI criterion is a suitable method for determining the depth of anesthesia in ENT surgeries that have been operated with the help of anesthetic gases (isoflurane, etc.).

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in parallel with the participation of 90 rhinoplasty patients at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Dexamethasone was injected intravenously for patients before surgery; For group B, dexamethasone was injected every eight hours after surgery, and for group A, it was injected only before surgery. Finally, the amount of ecchymosis and edema and the amount of bleeding between the study groups were compared with Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U and T-tests. The degree of lower eyelid edema on the first day after surgery was significantly different in comparison with groups A and B and group C (P=0.001). On the second day after surgery, the degree of lower eyelid edema was higher in group C compared to groups A and B (P=0.001). The degree of upper eyelid ecchymosis was equal between groups A and B on the first day after surgery. And group C patients had significantly more upper eyelid ecchymosis (P=0.001). Use of a single dose of dexamethasone (8 mg) before rhinoplasty reduces edema and ecchymosis of the upper eyelid and edema of the lower eyelid in the first 48 hours after surgery and reduces ecchymosis of the lower eyelid in the first 24 hours after surgery. There is no improvement in reducing the volume of bleeding during the operation and the length of the period.

Graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have gotten a lot of attention because of their varied nanostructures, making it a very intriguing and comprehensive topic in nanotechnology. Graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) both have unique electrical, mechanical, thermal, catalytic, and electrochemical features because they are made up of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms. Carbon nanotube hybrid nanostructured materials (CNT hybrid nanocomposites), Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and nanotechnology have the potential to improve energy conversion and storage device applications. Carbon nanotubes are being evaluated for application in renewable energy sources, including solar cells and hydrogen storage. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are utilized in storage technologies such as Li-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and thermal energy harvesting. We describe the functions of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in new energy storage technologies, particularly electrochemical supercapacitors and Lithium-ion batteries, in this study. The use of carbon nanotubes in binder-free electrodes, microscaled current collectors, and adaptable and stretchy energy storage systems is also explored.

In the context of the characterization of increasing impurities, rapid urbanization and industrialization, and decrease in the available water resources, the application of conventional water treatment and wastewater treatment procedures is becoming more difficult. Recent development processing techniques, such as disinfection and antimicrobial mechanisms, membrane filtration, sensing and monitoring, and UV radiation, are very promising and therefore revised in this paper, providing alternatives to better protect human health and the environment. Its fundamental principles, main applications, and recent innovations have been emphasized. Particularly in comparison to their existing conclusions and recommendations research needs, the benefits and drawbacks of such technologies are demonstrated. Conventional wastewater treatment technology, along with wastewater minimization and water recycling programs, provides promise for reducing and maybe preventing, the unavoidable loss of useful water. The conclusion is that the applications of these technologies will be enhanced at an unparalleled scale alongside increasing knowledge and advances in the industrial sector.

Nanotechnology has an impact on many scientific and technical fields, including environmental safety. Environmental applications of nanotechnology include water and wastewater treatment, in which different nanomaterials utilize adsorption and separation processes, as well as a variety of other approaches, to remove pollutants, pathogens, and other hazardous elements. Diverse forms, various composites, and active component functionalization are only a few of the ways nanomaterials are formed. To ensure a plentiful supply of water, nanostructures have presented a practical alternative. Due to its very specific area of surface, microinterface properties, and remediation potential, nanomaterials have emerged as a hot topic in environmental research. The review paper covers diverse treatment methods for wastewater, including adsorption, catalysis, spacing, and disinfection, and a range of nanomaterials such as NPs for graphene, TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), (nZVI), NPs for nanoscale Fe3O4, ZnO NPs, nanoparticles in silver (Ag-NPs), Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and several additional NPs as well as various nanocomposite materials, such as inorganic and organic supports, magnetic nanocomposite, and nanocomposite membranes, etc. Most crucially, the possible application of nanomaterials in water and wastewater treatment is also considered in the future.

HIV/AIDS is an infection caused by a virus. Some drugs are known to be very potent in slowing the virus replication with good binding affinity with the receptor. However, there are some other drugs which have a significant and better docking approach with stronger binding affinity.Pyrazole derivatives are remarkably good and have been reported as better anti-HIV agents because they exhibit stronger binding affinity. In this study, a computational quantum approach was used to understand the binding interaction between the pyrazole derivatives and the receptor (Integrase). The docking was carried out on ten pyrazole derivatives and their large negative binding affinity values in kcal/mol confirmed that they truly bind the pocket atoms of the receptor. The ligands have good negative binding affinity which showed that they are potent inhibitors for the receptor. The result obtained from the docking of the ligands with the receptor could be useful to design new potent anti-HIV-1 derivatives.

In this study, the inhibitive action of Acacia nilotica fruits powder towards the corrosion behavior of aluminium in 1.0M HCl and 1.0M NaOH solutions has been studied without carrying out any solvent extraction of the fruits powder using weight loss method. Acacia nilotica showed corrosion inhibition efficiency of 98.83 and 71.64% in HCl and NaOH respectively in the presence of 0.5% w/v inhibitor concentration at 318K. The activation energy increases from that of the blanks (23.84 and 49.25 kJmol-1) to the inhibited (55.92 and 65.92 kJ mol-1) in HCl and NaOH respectively. The adsorption process was spontaneous as indicated by the large negative values of and . The values of enthalpy were positive indicating endothermic process of adsorption. The adsorption of Acacia nilotica on aluminium was best fitted to Langmuir adsorption model in both media. The result of FTIR Spectra also indicated physisorption mechanism as proposed by the thermodynamic data.

Heterocycles containing sulphur and nitrogen atoms in the core structure, possess a number of pharmacologically and biologically active compounds. So, in the past decade, various fused pyrimidines including purines, pteridines, quinazolines, pyridopyrimidines, triazolopyrimidines, pyrazolopyrimidines, pyrimidoazepines, furopyrimidines and pyrrolopyrimidines were studied and were found to possess remarkable pharmacological properties. Thus, our work was focused on the development of novel, green and efficient method for the synthesis of a series of 6-acetyl-7-methyl-5-aryl-2H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-3(5H)-one derivatives using 5-acetyl-6-methyl-4-aryl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-thione derivatives as starting materials. The precursor pyrimidine derivatives were prepared by Biginelli reaction of pentan-2,4-dione, thiourea and an appropriate aromatic aldehyde in the presence of an ionic liquid, and then reacted with ethyl bromoacetate in a concise sequence involving condensation/cyclization reaction to give the corresponding thiazolopyrimidines in good yields under catalyst-free conditions in the presence of acetone as solvent. The structure of the whole synthesized compounds was determined by NMR and IR spectroscopy, and a plausible mechanism of their formation was proposed.

This current research aims to find candidate anti-COVID-19 compounds from the natural herbal sources, mainly, strychnine bush (Strychnos lucida), pineapple (Ananas comosus), and ginger (Zingiber officinale) to act as efficient blockers of the coronaviral-2 main protease (Mpro) receptor based on computational molecular docking modeling evaluation. The docking protocol was carried out using mainly N3 comparison utilizing four known potential anti-COVID-19 drugs, favipiravir/GS-441524/remdesivir/hydroxychloroquine, as positive controls. The docking results frankly show that the compounds ananas 26/zingiberenol/zingiberol have higher inhibitory binding affinities compared to the native ligand N3 and the other tested ingredients/references. Ananas 26 compound has the strongest hydrogen bonds with the coronaviral-2 Mpro active amino acid residues. Potential candidate compounds as COVID-19 Mpro inhibitors, ananas 26 from pineapple and zingiberenol as well as zingiberol from ginger, can further be subjected to potential inhibitor assays and in vitro/in vivo tests for evaluating and proving their biological activities against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19.

Shivering after anesthesia in cardiovascular surgery can be very dangerous and increase the need for oxygen and ultimately lead to damage to heart tissue; Therefore, treatment measures must be taken very quickly. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and rate of ondansetron with meperidine in the treatment of shivering after general anesthesia after heart surgery.

Shivering after anesthesia in cardiovascular surgery can be very dangerous and increase the need for oxygen and ultimately lead to damage to heart tissue; Therefore, treatment measures must be taken very quickly. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and rate of ondansetron with meperidine in the treatment of shivering after general anesthesia after heart surgery.

There was no significant difference between the two groups in the mean shivering in the two groups before the initial treatment [warm-up] and after warm-up and at different minutes after drug injection up to 9 minutes, and in the last minute Pvalue was equal to 0.05

Although ondansetron is effective in treating shivering after general anesthesia, it is less potent and faster than meperidine.

Hypertension usually begins 5 seconds after intubation and peaks within 1 to 2 minutes, returning to baseline after 5 to 10 minutes. Due to the importance of this issue in this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of fentanyl and sufentanil on hemodynamic responses during laryngoscopy and intubation in patients undergoing Coronary-Artery-Bypass-Graft (CABG) surgery. This prospective descriptive study was performed during 2018 in Shahid Madani Hospital (Tabriz University of Medical Sciences) with the participation of 40 patients undergoing CABG surgery. Patients were injected with fentanyl or sufentanil before intubation and after 2 minutes of intubation. The response of blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and HR to intubation were measured between the two groups. The mean rate of change of the two groups was analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance, which generally shows significant changes in the rate of change in HR per minute (p-value = 0.0001). Also, there is no statistically significant difference in the rate of change in HR per minute between the two groups (p-value = 0.758) and it can be said that the two drugs did not have different effects. In general, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two drug groups. In fact, although both fentanyl and sufentanil modulated hemodynamic changes due to the cardiovascular response to intubation, no significant difference was observed between them in terms of drug effect.

After major surgery, with the onset of acute pain, clinical use of magnesium can reduce postoperative pain by blocking the central sensation of pain by blocking NMDA receptors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of MG-Sulfate infusion in the operating room on analgesia after hysterectomy in women with cancer. In this prospective cross-sectional study, 40 candidates for hysterectomy (due to cancer) were evaluated. Magnesium group (M) 50 mg / kg IV MG-Sulfate in 100 cc normal saline 0.9% and control group (C) 100 cc normal saline 0.9% after intubation and their pain intensity was measured by VAS. Finally, a comparison was made between the two groups. There is no statistically significant change in the amount of pain at rest between the two groups (p-value=0.925) and it can be said that the two drugs did not have different effects. The mean amount of pain changes in cough condition was examined using repeated measures analysis of variance, which showed that the age variable had no statistically significant effect on changes in pain during cough (p-value = 0.925). Administration of MG-Sulfate at a dose of 50 mg / kg has no effect on pain intensity and drug dose after hysterectomy (due to cancer) and also changes systolic and diastolic blood pressure and arterial blood oxygen saturation during and after surgery. This does not apply to the control group and only causes a significant increase in heart rate compared to the control group at the end of the operation.

In breast cancer epidemiology, we study high-risk groups, geographical distribution and prevalence in Iran. Next, we examine the etiology of breast cancer, which includes three factors: hormonal, genetic, and environmental. Types of breast cancer include 1- Invasive carcinoma 2- Non-invasive carcinoma, each of which is divided into duct and lobular and there are other types that include medullary, mucosal, inflammatory and Paget carcinomas. We will examine each raga separately in the following. Following the types of breast cancer, we examine risk factors or risk factors, including, gene mutation, aging, personal and family history of breast cancer, premature menstruation, late menopause, and... each of which is discussed separately. Following are four stages of breast cancer and the clinical signs of the disease. Explain the screening and diagnosis, which includes: 1- Personal examination 2- Examination of the breasts by a doctor 3- Mammography 4- Galactography 5- Ultrasonography 6- Magnetic resonance imaging 7- Fine needle aspiration 8- Biopsy. We also describe separately the treatments that are performed for this disease today, which include: 1- Modified radical mastectomy 2- Breast maintenance surgery 3- Radiation therapy 4- Chemotherapy 5- Hormone therapy 6- Bone marrow transplantation in addition to future therapies.

Delayed sternal closure (DSC) has been shown to be a common strategy, when sternal closure resulted in a negative effect on cardiac and respiratory function. This strategy can contribute to improving cardiovascular and pulmonary adaptation with a positive effect on cardiac mechanics and breathing in order to hemodynamic stability. Due to the importance of the subject in the current study we reviewed published literature related to delayed sternal closure after cardiac surgery in children and adults, definition and history of the subject, prevalence, its relationship with the circulatory and respiratory system, sternal closure time, indications and risk factors, complications and mortality rate. Literature review showed that DSC is an effective method in patients with severe reduction in cardiac output, respiratory failure, uncontrolled bleeding, arrhythmia and myocardial edema after on-pump cardiac surgery. DSC is more common in infant and pediatric cardiac surgery than in adults. However, surgeons need to consider the correct use of this strategy, physiological changes, and patient management when the sternum is left open, as well as the consequences of DSC, including infection at the surgical site. In general, the literature shows an acceptable rate of complications and mortality if this technique is used properly, however, due to the conflicting results of various studies in this field, the multi- institutional researches is recommended in order to accurately identify of the related postoperative processes.

To address the issues of poor graphene dispersion, uneven thermal conductivity, and the environmental effect of porous polyurethane (PU) solutions, natural nano cellulose is employed as a surfactant to dissolve the graphene slurry in order to build a composite heating film. By altering the volume of the graphene slurry, the screen-printing method performs in-situ coating on heat-reflective cloth (sportswear lining materials) and determines the heating impact and washing qualities of the clothing. The results reveal that natural nanocellulose has a good dispersion effect. After the addition of silver paste, graphene dispersions with varying concentrations exhibit good thermal and electrical conductivity. When the heating voltage is 8v and the graphene slurry concentration is 12.5 % (wwt), the surface temperature of the heating film can exceed 50°C while the power consumption is low, which not only maintains long-term power supply but also addresses the shortcomings of the traditional polyester heating film, such as uncomfortable wearing. Furthermore, even after washing and soaking it more than 50 times, it has an excellent heating function.